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Layer L3

Cross-border settlement

Move value B2B across borders and settle in minutes.

What this layer does

Cross-border players use stablecoins as the settlement rail to move money between countries far faster and cheaper than SWIFT. The classic pattern is the 'stablecoin sandwich': local currency → USD stablecoin → destination currency.

Where it sits

Across borders — connecting a payer in one country to a payee in another, often in emerging-market corridors where banking rails are slow or expensive.

What they compete on

Corridors covered, settlement speed, FX spread, local payout reach (last-mile), licensing, and compliance.

How to tell them apart

Sphere/BVNK serve businesses with broad corridors; Conduit and Felix focus on specific emerging-market lanes; the moat is increasingly distribution + last-mile payout, not the rail itself.

The players